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Richard Goldner
Richard Goldner (23 June 1908 – 27 September 1991) was a Romanian-born, Viennese-trained Australian violist, pedagogue and inventor. He founded Musica Viva Australia in 1945, which became the world's largest entrepreneurial chamber music organisation.〔(Australian Jewish Historical Society – Victoria )〕 The Goldner String Quartet was named in his memory.
==Biography==
Richard Goldner was born in a small town in Romania in 1908. His family moved to Vienna when he was six months old.〔National Library, Oral History and Folklore: Interview with Richard Goldner, 7 November 1966〕 He took up the violin at the age of four or five.〔 After leaving school, he studied architecture at university, but also secretly enrolled at the New Vienna Conservatory,〔 where he studied under Simon Pullman. He later received another diploma from the Academy of Music.〔 He received instruction at master classes from Bronisław Huberman and other violinists.〔 He played the viola in the Simon Pullman Ensemble from 1931 to 1938,〔 and became Pullman's assistant and closest friend.〔 (Pullman was later to die in a Nazi extermination camp.) Goldner and his brother escaped the Nazi oppression of Jews in Austria and arrived in Australia in 1939, shortly after the start of World War II.〔(Atkinson, Knight, McPhee: The Dictionary of Performing Arts in Australia )〕 There, although designated an enemy alien〔〔 he soon became involved in musical life in his new country.〔(Balmain Sinfonia )〕 He founded the Monomeeth String Quartet, basing its name on an indigenous word for peace and harmony.〔(Boyer Lecture, 28 November 2004 )〕 However, because the Australian Musicians Union's restrictions on employing foreigners meant he could not take up an offer of a position with an Australian Broadcasting Commission orchestra,〔(The Foreigner, the Musicians’ Union and the State in 1920s Australia: a Nexus of Conflict )〕 he had to find other ways of making a living.〔〔 He worked as a jeweller〔(Access my library )〕 with his brother〔 and also invented a new style of zipper that was immune to sand and would not break under war-time conditions,〔(Elaine Thompson, Fair Enough )〕 and which was vitally needed for use in the manufacture of parachutes.〔(Australian Jewish News, May 2007 )〕 For this, he was attached to the Army Inventions Directorate and the Royal Australian Air Force.〔 This invention made him a lot of money,〔 and was acknowledged in the official history of Australia's war effort.〔〔〔 In 2011, the Oscar-winning former film maker Suzanne Baker published ''Beethoven and the Zipper: The Astonishing Story of Musica Viva''.〔( Steve Meacham, "Author plays score of life found in music", ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 27 April 2011 ). Retrieved 14 March 2014〕
During the war, the then Minister for Immigration, Harold Holt, was personally very helpful in arranging passage for Richard Goldner's parents to Australia.〔
(詳細はNew South Wales Conservatorium of Music in Sydney on 8 December 1945,〔 to an audience of over 1,000 people. The first item they played was Beethoven's ''Große Fuge'', Op. 133, in honour of his teacher Simon Pullman. (Pullman's makeshift chamber ensemble had been playing the ''Große Fuge'' in the Warsaw Ghetto in August 1942 when they were rounded up and sent to Treblinka, only one of them surviving.〔) During Goldner's concert there was a power blackout, and car headlights, an Army generator and hurricane lamps were used for illumination.〔〔〔(Year Book Australia )〕 The success of the concert inspired Goldner to form an organisation for the promotion of chamber music in all its forms. In this he was supported by Hephzibah Menuhin (then married to an Australian and living in Victoria) and assisted by a fellow refugee named Walter Dullo, a German lawyer-turned-chocolate maker and musicologist.〔(Australian Dictionary of Biography: Walter Andreas Dullo )〕 Together, Goldner and Dullo found 17 musicians (mostly also southern or central European refugees, and mostly Jewish) and formed them into four separate chamber groups under the name Musica Viva (later becoming Musica Viva Australia).〔〔(German Australia )〕 The initial funding for the organisation came from Goldner himself, from the proceeds of the manufacture of his zipper.〔〔 They developed a punishing playing schedule throughout Australia and New Zealand, giving 170 concerts and travelling 50,000 miles a year.〔 Although they were always financially successful, this schedule became exhausting. This, plus the fact that Goldner had injured the first finger of his left hand while making another invention,〔 led to Goldner retiring from playing in 1952, and the group was disbanded, but it reformed in 1954.〔
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